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A hard landing in the business cycle or economic cycle, is an economy rapidly shifting from growth to slow-growth to flat as it approaches a recession, usually caused by government attempts to slow down inflation.〔(Hard Landing ), investopedia.com〕 It is distinguished from a ''soft landing'', in which an economy's growth rate slows enough to control inflation, but remains high enough to avoid recession. 〔(Soft Landing ), investopedia.com〕 The criteria for distinguishing between a ''hard'' and ''soft'' landing are numerous and subjective. In the United States, modern recessions and hard and soft landings follow from Federal Reserve tightening cycles, in which the Federal funds rate is increased over several consecutive moves.〔(Whither Goldilocks? ), The Big Picture, September 22, 2006 | Sources: Business Outlook Survey, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia September 2006, http://www.phil.frb.org/files/bos/bos0906.html | U.S. LEADING ECONOMIC INDICATORS, The Conference Board U.S. Business Cycle Indicators, AUGUST 2006, http://www.econbrowser.com/archives/2006/09/can_it_be_that.html〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hard landing (economics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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